Open-Channel Flow
, by Chaudhry, M. HanifNote: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780387301747 | 0387301747
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/1/2007
Analysis of open-channel flow is needed for the planning, design, and operation of water-resource projects. The use of computers and the availability of efficient computational procedures has simplified such analysis as well as made it possible to handle complex systems. This book presents modern computational procedures for such analyses and other necessary up-to-date information on calculating open-channel flow.
Preface | p. vii |
Basic Concepts | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Definitions | p. 2 |
Classification of Flows | p. 4 |
Steady and Unsteady Flows | p. 5 |
Uniform and Nonuniform flows | p. 7 |
Laminar and Turbulent Flows | p. 7 |
Subcritical, Supercritical, and Critical Flows | p. 8 |
Terminology | p. 8 |
Velocity Distribution | p. 9 |
Energy Coefficient | p. 11 |
Momentum Cefficient | p. 13 |
Example 1-1 | p. 15 |
Pressure Distribution | p. 16 |
Static Conditions | p. 16 |
Horizontal, Parallel Flow | p. 16 |
Parallel Flow in Sloping Channels | p. 17 |
Curvilinear Flow | p. 18 |
Reynolds Transport Theorem | p. 20 |
Computer Program | p. 21 |
Summary | p. 21 |
References | p. 26 |
Conservation Laws | p. 27 |
Introduction | p. 28 |
Conservation of Mass | p. 28 |
Conservation of Momentum | p. 29 |
Equation of Motion | p. 31 |
Steady Flow | p. 33 |
Steady, Uniform Flow | p. 33 |
Unsteady, Nonuniform Flow | p. 34 |
Specific Energy | p. 34 |
Application of Momentum and Energy Equations | p. 37 |
Channel Transition | p. 38 |
Example 2-1 | p. 42 |
Hydraulic Jump | p. 43 |
Example 2-2 | p. 45 |
Hydraulic Jump at Sluice Gate Outlet | p. 47 |
Example 2-3 | p. 48 |
Summary | p. 50 |
References | p. 54 |
Critical Flow | p. 55 |
Introduction | p. 56 |
Rectangular Channel | p. 56 |
Specific Energy | p. 56 |
Unit discharge | p. 58 |
Specific force | p. 59 |
Wave Celerity | p. 60 |
Non-Rectangular Channel | p. 63 |
Specific Energy | p. 63 |
Specific Force | p. 64 |
Application of Critical Flow | p. 65 |
Constant-width Channel with Bottom Step | p. 66 |
Horizontal Variable-width Channel | p. 67 |
Example 3-1 | p. 67 |
Location of Critical Flow | p. 69 |
Computation of Critical Depth | p. 70 |
Design curves | p. 70 |
Trial-and-Error Procedure | p. 71 |
Numerical Methods | p. 71 |
Example 3-2 | p. 72 |
Critical Depths in Compound Channels | p. 74 |
General Remarks | p. 75 |
Example 3-3 | p. 77 |
Algorithm for Computing the Critical Depths | p. 79 |
Summary | p. 80 |
References | p. 84 |
Uniform Flow | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 88 |
Flow Resistance | p. 88 |
Flow Resistance Equations | p. 89 |
Chezy Equation | p. 89 |
Manning Equation | p. 94 |
Other Resistance Equations | p. 100 |
Computation of Normal Depth | p. 102 |
Example 4-1 | p. 104 |
Equivalent Manning Constant | p. 106 |
Compound Channel Cross Section | p. 107 |
Summary | p. 109 |
References | p. 115 |
Gradually Varied Flow | p. 119 |
Introduction | p. 120 |
Governing Equation | p. 120 |
Classification of Water-Surface Profiles | p. 122 |
General Remarks | p. 125 |
Sketching of Water-Surface Profiles | p. 127 |
Example 5-1 | p. 129 |
Example 5-2 | p. 131 |
Discharge From a Reservoir | p. 131 |
Example 5-3 | p. 134 |
Profiles in Compound Channels | p. 136 |
Example 5-4 | p. 137 |
Example 5-5 | p. 140 |
Summary | p. 144 |
References | p. 149 |
Computation of Gradually Varied Flow | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 152 |
General Remarks | p. 152 |
Direct-Step Method | p. 156 |
Example 6-1 | p. 158 |
Standard Step Method | p. 160 |
Example 6-2 | p. 164 |
Integration of Differential Equation | p. 166 |
Single-step Methods | p. 166 |
Euler method | p. 168 |
Improved Euler method | p. 169 |
Modified Euler Method | p. 170 |
Fourth-order Runge-Kutta Method | p. 171 |
Predictor-Corrector Methods | p. 172 |
Simultaneous Solution Procedure | p. 172 |
Governing Equations | p. 174 |
Single and Series Channels | p. 175 |
Channel Networks | p. 180 |
Example 6-3 | p. 186 |
Practical Applications | p. 187 |
Computer Programs | p. 188 |
Summary | p. 188 |
References | p. 194 |
Rapidly Varied Flow | p. 199 |
Introduction | p. 200 |
Application of Conservation Laws | p. 201 |
Channel Transitions | p. 203 |
General Remarks | p. 203 |
Subcritical Flow | p. 204 |
Supercritical Flow | p. 208 |
Oblique Hydraulic Jump | p. 210 |
Weirs | p. 212 |
Sharp-Crested Weirs | p. 212 |
Broad-Crested Weirs | p. 214 |
Hydraulic Jump | p. 215 |
Ratio of Sequent Depths | p. 215 |
Length of Jump | p. 216 |
Jump Profile | p. 217 |
Jump types | p. 217 |
Energy loss | p. 219 |
Jump Location | p. 220 |
Control of Jump | p. 222 |
Spillways | p. 224 |
Overflow Spillway | p. 225 |
Energy Dissipators | p. 228 |
Stilling Basins | p. 231 |
Flip Buckets | p. 232 |
Roller Buckets | p. 234 |
Summary | p. 237 |
References | p. 241 |
Computation of Rapidly Varied Flow | p. 247 |
Introduction | p. 248 |
Governing Equations | p. 249 |
Characteristic directions | p. 251 |
Coordinate Transformations | p. 252 |
Computation of Supercritical Flow | p. 254 |
Finite-difference methods | p. 254 |
Boundary Conditions | p. 256 |
Verification | p. 258 |
Computation of Sub- and Supercritical Flows | p. 261 |
Numerical Solution | p. 261 |
Verification | p. 267 |
Simulation of Hydraulic Jump | p. 270 |
Governing Equations | p. 271 |
Numerical Solution | p. 271 |
Computational Procedure | p. 27 |
Results | p. 274 |
Summary | p. 276 |
References | p. 276 |
Channel Design | p. 279 |
Introduction | p. 280 |
Rigid-Boundary Channels | p. 280 |
Example 9-1 | p. 282 |
Most Efficient Hydraulic Section | p. 283 |
Erodible Channels | p. 286 |
Permissible Velocity Method | p. 286 |
Example 9-2 | p. 288 |
Tractive Force Method | p. 289 |
Example 9-3 | p. 292 |
Alluvial Channels | p. 295 |
Regime Theory | p. 295 |
Example 9-4 | p. 296 |
Summary | p. 297 |
References | p. 298 |
Special Topics | p. 301 |
Introduction | p. 302 |
Flow in a Channel Connecting Two Reservoirs | p. 302 |
Mild bottom slope | p. 302 |
Steep bottom slope | p. 307 |
Air Entrainment in High-Velocity Flow | p. 308 |
Flow Through Culverts | p. 312 |
Flow Measurement | p. 315 |
Velocity-area method | p. 316 |
Slope-area method | p. 316 |
Flumes | p. 317 |
Summary | p. 317 |
References | p. 319 |
Unsteady Flow | p. 323 |
Introduction | p. 324 |
Definitions | p. 324 |
Occurrence of Unsteady Flow | p. 326 |
Height and Celerity of a Gravity Wave | p. 326 |
Continuity equation | p. 327 |
Momentum equation | p. 328 |
Example 11-1 | p. 330 |
Summary | p. 331 |
References | p. 332 |
Governing Equations for One-Dimensional Flow | p. 333 |
Introduction | p. 334 |
St. Venant Equations | p. 334 |
Continuity Equation | p. 335 |
Momentum Equation | p. 337 |
General Remarks | p. 340 |
Boussinesq Equations | p. 341 |
Continuity equation | p. 341 |
Momentum Equation in z-direction | p. 342 |
Momentum Equation in x-direction | p. 343 |
Integral Forms | p. 345 |
Summary | p. 346 |
References | p. 347 |
Numerical Methods | p. 349 |
Introduction | p. 350 |
Method of characteristics | p. 350 |
Characteristics | p. 353 |
Initial and Boundary Conditions | p. 356 |
Characteristic Grid Method | p. 359 |
Method of Specified Intervals | p. 361 |
Other Numerical Methods | p. 362 |
Summary | p. 363 |
References | p. 364 |
Finite-Difference Methods | p. 367 |
Introduction | p. 368 |
Terminology | p. 368 |
Finite-difference approximations | p. 368 |
Explicit Finite-Difference Schemes | p. 372 |
Unstable scheme | p. 372 |
Diffusive scheme | p. 372 |
MacCormack Scheme | p. 377 |
Lambda scheme | p. 379 |
Gabutti Scheme | p. 382 |
Implicit Finite-Difference Schemes | p. 385 |
Preissmann Scheme | p. 385 |
Beam and Warming scheme | p. 388 |
VasilievVasiliev, O. F. scheme | p. 390 |
Consistency | p. 390 |
Stability | p. 392 |
Example 14-1 | p. 396 |
Summary | p. 397 |
References | p. 400 |
Two-Dimensional Flow | p. 407 |
Introduction | p. 408 |
Governing Equations | p. 408 |
Numerical Solution | p. 416 |
MacCormack Scheme | p. 419 |
General formulation | p. 420 |
Boundary conditions | p. 421 |
Gabutti Scheme | p. 423 |
General formulation | p. 423 |
Boundary conditions | p. 425 |
Artificial Viscosity | p. 426 |
Beam and Warming Schemes | p. 427 |
General formulation | p. 427 |
Factored schemes | p. 430 |
Implicit split-flux factoring | p. 431 |
Boundary conditions | p. 433 |
Finite-Volume Scheme | p. 434 |
Predictor part | p. 436 |
Corrector part | p. 436 |
Applications | p. 437 |
Partial breach or opening of sluice gates | p. 438 |
Propagation of a flood wave through channel contraction | p. 440 |
Comparison with other methods | p. 447 |
Summary | p. 447 |
References | p. 448 |
Sediment Transport | p. 453 |
Introduction | p. 454 |
Sediment property | p. 454 |
Sediment size | p. 455 |
Size distribution | p. 455 |
Sand-bed and gravel-bed streams | p. 457 |
Threshold of sediment motion | p. 458 |
Critical Shields stress for sediment mixture | p. 460 |
Condition for significant suspension | p. 460 |
Shields diagram | p. 461 |
The Exner equation of bed sediment conservation | p. 463 |
Exner equation for multiple size fraction | p. 464 |
Bed-load transport relations | p. 465 |
Bed load transport relations for poorly sorted sediment | p. 467 |
Suspended-load transport | p. 468 |
Entrainment Relations | p. 469 |
Resistance relations | p. 471 |
Separation of form drag | p. 472 |
Summary | p. 474 |
References | p. 475 |
Special Topics | p. 479 |
Introduction | p. 480 |
Rating Curve | p. 480 |
Flood Routing | p. 481 |
Reservoir Routing | p. 482 |
Channel Routing | p. 484 |
Kinematic Routing | p. 486 |
Diffusion Routing | p. 489 |
Muskingum-Cunge Routing | p. 491 |
Aggradation and Degradation of Channel Bottom | p. 492 |
Introduction | p. 492 |
Governing equations | p. 493 |
Numerical Scheme | p. 494 |
Applications | p. 497 |
Aggradation due to sediment overloading | p. 498 |
Knickpoint migration | p. 499 |
References | p. 502 |
Subject Index | p. 507 |
Author Index | p. 517 |
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